Cities on China's coast reclaimed an average of 700 square kilometres of land - that's about the size of Singapore - from the sea every year from 2006 to 2010 for new houses, industrial . Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. He said: Personally, I do not think that we are doing it the right way. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. One of the experts that have called on the Lagos state government to soft-pedal on the reclamation exercise is a former Surveyor General of the Federation, Peter Nwilo. Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. Oil companies clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations. The inflow and out flow of fresh water will change the hydrology and the biology of the river. This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. Contact our London head office or media team here. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. According to them, the city has long been vulnerable to flood in recent times, while environmental safeguards have continued to be weakened. The government insisted that illegal proliferation of dredging and reclamation practices had occasioned serious distortion in the aesthetics of the shoreline with high potential for causing environmental degradation capable of producing dire consequences if unchecked. The restoration of tidal force, edaphic factors and climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings. This is encapsulated in the Land Use Act promulgated in 1978, which states that all lands in Nigeria belong to the Federal Government, this include but not limited to under-water land that is 200 nautical miles from the shore. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. This is a natural ecological restoration. This method works well for foreshore locations with good seabed soil. It also deepens the sea bed, which affects the water level. by Revolva ( m ): 1:58pm On Jul 18 , 2020 The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. Speaking on the Oworonsoki land reclamation exercise, Commissioner for Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Ade Akinsanya said that the project would add immense economic values to the state. Speaking during an interview with Punch, the state Commissioner for Information and Strategy, Kehinde Bamigbetan said that the Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA report on the project had taken care of future negative impact on the environment, adding that the Lagos state government, as a responsible government, carried out comprehensive EIA before embarking on massive land reclamation going on in the coastal areas of the state. For instance, oil field that is established in mangrove swamp. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Also the Project Director, Arctic Infrastructure (AI), Mr. Lookman Oshodi, observed that in a city like Lagos where the per square kilometre of land available to a resident is relatively small, physical development is in spread form and cohesive approach to organise the city is not adequate, leading to competition over space which gives the outlook of the winner takes all. The law confers the mandate to implement it on the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in accordance with this law. Accumulation of dredged spoil converts the swamp to terrestrial area and also changes the physico-chemistry of the coasts [3]. A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. So, some observers are of the view that the recent flooding that are now common in these areas are not unconnected to the ongoing massive land reclamation. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation production, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. This system is usually used when the sea bed is shallow. Morewood Property after reclamation, now a golf course. 5. Bounded in the South by the Atlantic Ocean, the city is situated on the mainland, home to 70% of the city's population with series of islands and a peninsula that holds the remaining 30% (Ogunlesi, 2012). Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. Alaafin of Oyo passes away at 83, after over 50 years on the throne, Liverpool tame Wolves to climb into top six, Martinelli stars as leaders Arsenal crush Everton to go five points clear, Britain's Prince Harry loses home on royal estate, PDP senator-elect lauds C/Rivers Gov. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. The Government also ordered the immediate cessation of all ongoing works, construction, reclamation and other similar activities in respect of extension approvals granted or being processed at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. The causes of land reclamation in the Niger Delta are grouped into two: (1) direct and (2) indirect causes. On the Ejigbo development, Dr. Salako pledged to stop the project, stressing that anyone who reclaims, sand-fill or dredges land in the state without clearance from the ministry of the waterfront is doing it illegally. Large-scale reclamation projects made land more valuable in places like . This method is suitable for granular fill. The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). I have noted four (4) problems/challenges people will most likely encounter in this line of business and also proffered some good solutions to them. Ibidun Adelekan, claimed further in its article Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos that the present development of the Lekki Peninsula has been embarked upon with little or no consideration for sea-level rise, arguing that this trend poses serious risks of flooding. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. Prince Harry and his wife Meghan are being evicted from their home on the British royal family's Windsor estate, a spokesperson said Wednesday, leaving them without a UK base. The attractiveness of the coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher . Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). Examples of Land Reclamation The business district of Cebu City in the Philippines, Most of the coastline of the bustling Indian city of Mumbai, the Barceloneta area in Barcelona, Spain and Battery Park City in Manhattan, New York are all prominent examples of reclaimed land. The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. 5 Princes Gate Court, Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Mangrove vegetation is the dominant species found at the interface between the land and the sea. Homogeneous ideals such as customs, educational goals, and occupational goals all make up segregation. But an extreme form of conversion of a landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization. During clearing heavy machinery fell trees. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. You have entered an incorrect email address! Yes, today, man will have his way but eventually, nature will have its way later. But ecology sees farther ahead.. On the Eko Atlantic project, the Managing Director of South Energyx Ltd., David Frame said that the project has been fortified with a wall known as The Great Wall of Lagos, adding that the wall has the capability to ward off flood storms in hundreds/thousand years. This could lead to the reduction in species composition and diversity of aquatic resources. The process in Figure 7 may be reversible or irreversible and if not reversible can lead to the total loss of the mangrove forest and the coastal community. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). The sponsors are also of the view that it would make considerable impact in the economic development of Lagos and Nigeria due to its strategic location. The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] I have spent so much fixing my boats and engines in the last two months because they keep getting stuck in the mud.. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. A Federal High Court, Abuja, on Tuesday, dismissed a certificate forgery suit filed by the Action Alliance (AA) against Sen. Bola Tinubu, presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC). People participation is very important in landscape reclamation because it would provide a consensus view on land use to the host community [19]. The fate of the land reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units. The practice may be temporary solution . Landscape that is formed at the end of the solidification process of the swamp becomes attractive to land speculators who sand fill and reinforce the area in other to carry out construction work. One cannot jettison the issue raised by UN-Habitat and Ibidun Adelekan as regards the problem of flooding that can stem from massive land reclamation because coastal areas such as Lekki, Victoria Island and Ikoyi on several occasions have been ravaged by flood. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. Some of the biggest cities in Nigeria are looked at below. Ten waters (8 surface and 2 groundwater sources), 10 soil samples and air were collected and taken for analysis. Every citizen of Nigeria is empowered to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . The next kind of management is human management [19]. The environmental problem of this practice is that the sand dumped by the shore smothers plants and animals around the area and changes the coast from a marshy to a sandy area. 08 February 2021 | One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. This means that those living on the old waterfront now have a large expanse of land bordering their respective locations. In 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of its national territory . Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. In 2014, an area measuring 100m50m was dredged and sand filled. It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. The deadline for the reclamation activity is 2022. Colombo is a wetland city at heart - but Sri Lankans need reminding too often, says ChethikaGunasiri, an environmental scientist with the Wetland Management Division of Sri Lanka's Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. It is noteworthy that Songo International Business District also in South Korea which is reputed to be the largest private development in the country is built on a reclaimed land in the area of Incheon waterfront. Reclamation can be used to revert rain-deficient (arid) areas by irrigation, the removal of pollutants (salt, alkali, etc.) Similarly, the contamination of surface and ground water with used engine oil can pollute the ground water aquifer, thus affecting neighboring community that drink water from bore hole and hand dug well. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. . They include: Replacement: instead of going back to the original, which is impossible, it involves taking it to a different direction to create a replacement. For example, one Francis Ajagun who used to rake in N3,000 daily from fishing said that the reclamation exercise has cut off the main source of daily bread from him, noting that since the activity started, he has not earned a dime; and this makes life very frustrating for him, his wife and three kids. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for housing. This means areas that had been cleared and sand filled could be opened up again to be interconnected with the river, so that it will gradually become alive and revert to its original form [11]. Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. Not surprisingly, the country that is home to the largest population of the region also has by far the largest area under cultivation. I am saying this because I know several businessmen and a diplomat from Nigeria who were scammed. This is because such activities lead to the clearing of the mangrove forest and other coastal vegetation. This leads to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coast. Industries also flock around coastal areas because of the ease of transportation of goods and equipments. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. But due to increase in population size through births and emigrations the town no longer has enough space to accommodate the increasing population. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Economic land on the other hand, is part of physical land that can be used to produce economic commodities for mans satisfaction [2]. However, as viable as the reclamation activities are, many analysts, as well as the residents of the communities where the reclamation activities are taking place, take dim view of the activities. Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. sea-side resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls. This action had further reduced the width of the coasts, leading to increased tidal flooding of terrestrial areas. Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. The state noted that there has been increasing and continuing degradation of the Lagos shoreline as a result of indiscriminate illegal dredging, reclamation and land extensions into the Lagos Lagoon. The Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees. by SurefireFashion: 11:32pm On Mar 17, 2017 following Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. A future gas plant is to be located at the beach adjacent to Edko Town in the eastern part of Abu Qir Bay. The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. In the course of this period a small outlet was created by the side of the sand filled area, which allowed the entry of river water into the sand filled area during high tide. It is the responsibility of the Government to protect the land against illegal landscape reclamations. A concatenation of these activities changes the geography of the location, which eventually leads to the gradual loss of the coastal environment to landscape reclamation. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. More than a thousand acres of land was to be created by building a seawall more than 6km in length with. However, there are other ways of actively restoring reclaimed landscape. Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. The implication of these landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests lead to a colossal loss of ecosystem services to the environment. Mangroves provide various ecosystem services such as food, medicine, tools and construction materials. These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the environment. Once the bulldozer rolls in to mow down the mangroves, it creates depressions for tidal pressure to wash in ashore. In a classical case of land recuperation after landscape reclamation at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, recruitment occurred through natural process within a space of 13years. Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. Section 1(1) of the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 gives the federal government ownership and . The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. Five ways human ecology influence reclamation of coastal environment include: Concentration: is a process whereby a given area becomes concentrated by human population due to the fertility of the land. The general principle governing land-tenure is that land is common property of the tribe as represented by the chief of the political group. Public Law 95-87 requires that the AML section reclaim . Land reclamation is gradually posing negative impact on man due to unplanned urbanization. The fishing business of the residents of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land reclamation activity has begun. The side of the sand filled area was piled up to form balkanization against the inflow of river water. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. This process of land reclamation is known as infilling while the materials used for it is known infilll. residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). This means they would be the ready pool of labour for construction projects and their tenements will be enhanced by the investment flowing into the site., Allaying the fears of the people, the commissioner said: The Lagos state government, as a responsible entity, pursues a policy of ensuring that Environmental Impact Assessment is done by every individual or corporate body that seeks to embark on projects. Political Map of Nigeria Map based on a UN map. 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